Umer bin Abdul Aziz (R.A)

Islam means submission to the will of God, an eternal idea. Muslims claim that their faith in human virgin, signed by the first humans, Adam and Eve, and the prophets of God, including, among others, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad (peace be upon him) approved. Is a challenge for the Muslim community to build a community of believers "directs what is right, forbidding what is wrong, and believing in Allah." Islamic history is one of constant struggle to meet this challenge in the matrix. This battle is constant and relentless. Therefore, the Islamic revivalist movements in providing criteria that historical events can then measure and understand

Umar bin Abdul Aziz, known in history as Umar II, Prince for the first time in the history of the Islamic renaissance. After Muawiya, the character of the caliphate and established dynastic rule. Umayyad corruption reached its peak in Karbala. Magnificent Umayyad slaves and servants built palaces were surrounded by large urban centers, treasury as their key wallet as princes and kings lived. There is no responsibility for their wealth or their actions. People no say in government. Khalifa was nominated and can Bashd.ksany asked who were there to obey only the strong man, pay taxes and serve in the armed forces.

Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Amir accidentally. Amir later. Therefore, dictated in his will that Umar bin Abdul Aziz, a distant cousin, and he managed to Yazid bin Abdul Malik Omar bin Abdul Aziz followed. Umar bin Abdul Aziz, a Pole and experience as governor of Egypt and Medina had served more than 22 years. He was raised and a famous scholar of the age, Saleh bin Kaisan formed. Before the reign of Umar bin Abdul Aziz, a handsome young man, his interest in fashion and perfume. But if he had accepted responsibility for the caliphate, the most faithful and competent, visionary and leader of the Umayyad emirs.

He began to set a good example in his own person. When the news reached him of his appointment to the Caliphate, he turned to the people: "O people, I do not want to rule or liability consent pushed me If you decide to choose someone other than the Caliph. I will immediately resign and I support his decision. "It was the breath of fresh air to the public. They elected unanimously.

Umar ibn Abdul Aziz pressed his lavish lifestyle and ascetic life of Abu Dhar Ghifari For example, a well-known companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him) agreed. Umar ibn Abdul Aziz appendix removed all the glorious Prince of life, serfs, slaves, servants, horses, palaces, estates and gold clothing and returned to the Treasury. Family and relatives were the same instructions. FIDAK garden is a good example. It is a palm grove to the Prophet (peace be upon him) heard. Prophet's daughter Fatimah (R) (R) as a legacy of the garden had requested, but was abandoned Prophet Muhammad said that the property belongs to the whole community. Fatima, his claim before Abu Bakr (R) complains, but Abu Bakr (R) rejected the request and said he could not agree with this not the Prophet agreed. After the caliphate of Ali (R), FIDAK personal wealth Umayyad built. FIDAK life for the public sector to restore, as in trust for the entire community.

Umayyad no responsibility for the Treasury. To support their lavish lifestyles, huge taxes they collected from Iran and Egypt. They forced traders to sell their products at the lowest prices. Get appointment of Amir gifts of gold and silver in exchange for favors. Back to the process of life. Life repealed acts to punish corrupt officials and to establish strict liability.

Some Umayyad authorities the power drunk, abused the conquered people. Often, their properties were confiscated without due process. Contrary to sharia, if people accepted Islam in the new land, they continued to provide ransom. Those who refuse to pay the tax was threatened severe punishment. The way of life exceeded and ensures fairness in tax collection. Gone suppression Hajjaj bin Qurra Shareek in Iraq and Egypt. The people responded with enthusiastic support of the new Caliph. Increased production. Evidence that the reforms Omar Ibn Kathir, net profit of 28 million dirhams to 124 million dirhams performed only increased.

Following the example of the Prophet, Umar Bin Abdul Aziz sent emissaries to China and Tibet, calling their leaders to accept Islam. If officials have complained that, because of the conversion, Ransom significantly reduces government revenue, Caliph Umar replied that. An invitation to people had accepted Islam and not raise taxes injection of non-Arabs, Islam in large numbers in the middle of the Medina and Damascus, Iran and Egypt. As we develop in the next chapter, this development has had far-reaching consequences in the Abbasids (750) revolution and evolution in the schools of fiqh (760-860).

Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Emir of the first serious attempts to reconcile religious and political divisions among Muslims. Muawiya became common as Khatiban insulting Ali ibn Abi Talib (R) in the sermons of Friday prayers. Removal, so that you think of him "(Qur'an 16:90). It is still Friday sermon is read worldwide. Bani Hashim, and his Shias are treated with fairness and dignity. He even offered his hand to punish. Ibn Kathir writes Bostam chief Khawarij, they invite you to discuss the caliphate of Uthman (r) and Ali (R). He even went so far as to say Bostam must satisfy the life of penance would be willing to change their ways and be. Bostam sent two of his emissaries to the caliph. during the discussion, delegates agreed that life was fair and extremist Kharijites believe Thvyl.dygr. However, this does not mean Khalifa man.

Umar bin Abdul Aziz, the first Muslim ruler of the horizon outside of the conquests of his birth was moved inside. His army to the borders of France, India and recalled the outskirts of Constantinople Opel. There was an uprising and civil war during his caliphate there. Islam became the horizon at the time of his soul, to reflect on the historical conditions of their moral and replenish the deposit. Faith has flourished, as he had done was for Umar ibn al-Khattab (R). It is for these reasons that historians refer Umar bin Abdul Aziz Umar II and classified as the fifth rightly guided caliph Abu Bakr (R), Umar (R), Usman (r) and Ali (R).

But greed is not on his turf without a fight of faith. Life II reforms were also unhappy with the Umayyads and wealthy businessmen. Umar II was poisoned in the year 719, after the death of an empire that lasted only two and a half years. At the time of his death he was 39 years old. And with him died the last chance for the government of the Umayyads.

Structure of Arabic Elements

Arabic, like all Semitic languages, is the use of morphological patterns (patterns of word formation) stem abstract word, which is displayed to provide general semantic concepts or values. These roots are usually three letters, there is the formation of many words from a basic root. For example the root KTB, which is associated with the notion of "writing", a verb derived Katab "writing" and KTuB "record", which may be associated with the addition of appropriate prefixes and suffixes. To further illustrate the Wortstämmetulpini can be obtained from different origins is useful in the composition of the root, wherein the positions of each consonant (C) in the remaining opposite two consonants. Шток rod in a model may Katab C1aC2aC3where C1 = K = T = C2 and C3 shown as change C1aC2C2aC3 shaft (medial Konsonantenverdopplungdublare root), that the withdrawal of the rod, which has a causal Kattab means "is (one) file. "on the other hand, an extension of the first strain vowel (C1aaC2aC3) KaaTaB appears, which means" Match ". Adding the prefix AT leads taKaaTaB" correspondence (with someone). "Invert There are fifteen models the verb may be theoretically possible, but five are extremely rare Each of these models can be modified to indicate the passive voice and present imperfect) for example :. KuTiB "was written" yaKTuB "wrote:" yuKTaB "written".

He changed consonants, using various combinations of languages and with different prefixes and suffixes, there are opportunities, many nouns, adjectives and adverbs of each root. The following words, for example, which are all derived from the KTB be found in a "book" dictionary "Seller" typical Kitab, KuTuBii KuTTaaB'elementary or Koran school brochure "KuTayyiB" KiTaaBa "" letters, script, website dialing "KiTaaBaat" Testing "KiTaaBii" writing "Maktab" from "maKTaBii" "Maktaba" miKTaaB'typewriter office desk, bookcase "literary", "mail", muKaaTaBa iKtiTaaB "Log, recording, dictation" istiKTaaB "author "KaaTiB" letter "maKTuuB" equal participants "muKaaTiB" "and muKtaTiB" (Cowan). Many of these words can be more like "library" writer "books" Qutb Kuttab "," maKTaBaat and some may seem feminine, "a writer," female journalist. "AndKaaTiBaat" "writers egKaaTiBa muKaaTiBa leave" above examples show morphological structure of the derivation rich and versatile word that could theoretically allow hundreds of Arabic words from the same root are received.

Arabic of spread

In the eighth century در Islamic Arab Empire from Persia to Spain, where the interaction between people of Arabic speaking countries speak another language has been developed. Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where the majority of the population speaks a dialect of Aramaic and Arab tribes in the region, where local languages in many cases been replaced by Arabic. In Iraq, the Arabic spoken in Aramaic and Persian was the language of the dominant population. یک gradual process of Arabization in Egypt, where the Coptic and Greek dominated happened. North, where the Berber dialect Africa and is still used in some parts of the Arabization process is less complete. Iran and Spain, but remains in his mother tongue.

In the early days of the Empire, the majority of the Arab population is monolingual. Interaction with other languages, including Arabic words into new areas such as politics, government, science and the rich. This is in addition to the internal resources of the Arabic language is included in the empire state media.

study, including linguistics, philosophy and theology. Under the reign of the Abbasid Baghdad (750-1258 AD), the gold Arabic literature reached a new level of complexity to the study of language age. Many researchers, Arabs and non-Arabs, Muslims, Christians and Jews, to develop the spiritual life of the Arabic language as the language itself. A systematic approach to the translation of Arabic sources most appropriate means for the various scientific disciplines, such as philosophy, mathematics, medicine, geography, and various branches of science was built.

Beginning of the Crusades, the political unrest in Spain, the Mongol and Turkish invasion of the East, and internal conflicts within the empire, a period of decline began in the eleventh century as a result of several factors. This marks a period of relative stagnation in Arabic, the language of Islam, although it was never threatened.

, Contact us first, Muhammad Ali, Egypt Einem own decision, students in France and other countries, was sent to study in various fields. The Egypt as a teacher and writer. Lebanon has been in contact with the West in the early seventeenth century, maintaining a strong relationship with several European groups. To the west of Arab immigrants came to America and other missionaries established foreign languages, especially English and French, is an integral part of the education system in the Arab world.

Initial enthusiasm axial movement for national independence is a natural reaction to the colonization of Western Europe was. Islam and the Arabic language, these movements are usually associated with the two pillars of Arab nationalism. In the nineteenth century saw the development of the Arabic language as a modern living language.